Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Current Conveyors
AbstractResearch in Analog integrated circuits has recently gone in the direction of low-voltage (LV)‚ low-power (LP) design‚ especially in the environment of portable systems where a low supply voltage‚ given by a single-cell battery‚ is used. These LV circuits have to show also a reduced power consumption to maintain a longer battery lifetime. In this area‚ traditional voltage-mode
techniques are going to be substituted by the current-mode approach‚ which has the recognized advantage to overcome the gain-bandwidth product limitation‚
typical of operational amplifiers. Then‚ they do not require high voltage gains and have good performance in terms of speed‚ bandwidth and accuracy. Inside
the current-mode architectures‚ the current-conveyor (CCII) can be considered the basic circuit block because all the active devices can be made of a suitable connection of one or two CCIIs. CCII is particularly attractive in portable systems‚ where LV LP constraints have to be taken into account. In fact‚ it suffers less from the limitation of low current utilisation‚ while showing full dynamic characteristics at reduced supplies (especially CMOS version) and good high frequency performance. Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have also highlighted the usefulness of CCII solutions in a large number of signal processing applications.
The outline of Low voltage low power CMOS current conveyors is the following. In the first chapter‚ the authors talk about the current-mode approach and a brief history of the first and second generation CC. Then‚ the second generation current-conveyor (CCII) will be considered as a building block in the main active feedback devices and in the implementation of simple
analog functions‚ as an alternative to OA. In the second chapter‚ the design and characteristics of CCII topologies are described‚ together with a further look into CCII modern solutions and future trends. Chapter 3 deals with low voltage low power LV LP CCII implementations and new considerations about CCII noise and offset. In Chapter 4 the CCII evolution towards differential and generalized topologies will be considered. Chapter 5 deals about old and new CCII applications in some basic analog functions such as filters‚ impedance simulators and converters‚ oscillators‚ etc.. In the Appendix‚ there is also an experimental session‚ where on-chip measurements can be compared with theory and simulations.
Low voltage low power CMOS current conveyors is a valuable reference source for current-mode and CCII analog integrated circuit designers and can be considered also a suitable text for advance courses on microelectronics.
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